Appearance
第十七章 名词从句
本章学习目标
本章我们将学习主从复合句中的第一类从属从句 —— “名词从句”(Noun Clauses)。通过学习,你将能够:
- 理解名词从句的定义,掌握将陈述句、特殊疑问句与一般疑问句改写为名词从句的步骤。
- 熟练掌握连词
whether与if表达“是否”时的区别与限制(如句首、介词后)。 - 掌握名词从句在主句中所充当的五大名词性角色:主语、及物动词的宾语、表语、同位语和介词的宾语。
- 掌握形式主语
it与形式宾语it暂代长名词从句的用法。 - 明确名词从句中连词
that的省略与保留规则(避免“一个主语、两个动词”冲突)。 - 理解评论从句(comment clause)与直接/间接引语的倒装修饰机制。
句型标记系统(快速回顾)
| 符号 | 含义 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 主语 Subject | 句子的主角,回答“谁 / 什么” |
| 2 | 动词 Verb | 表示动作或状态 |
| be | 系动词 / 广义 be 标记 | is / am / are / was / were 是 be 动词;has been / have been / had been / will have been / would have been 是 be 动词的完成形式;look / feel / seem / become / get 等系动词也按 be 标注 |
| 3O | 宾语 Object | 动作的接受者,回答“谁 / 什么” |
| 3C | 补语 Complement | 说明主语或宾语“是什么 / 怎么样 / 在哪里” |
| (4) | 状语 Adverbial | 可以删除的时间、地点、方式等修饰成分 |
| (be) | 隐藏的 be | 宾语和宾语补足语之间可以插入 be,用来检验说明关系 |
五种基本句型写成:
- 1 + 2
- 1 + 2 + 3O
- 1 + 2 + 3O + 3O
- 1 + be + 3C
- 1 + 2 + 3O + (be) + 3C
提示
状语 (4) 可以出现在五种句型中,但它不是句型骨架的一部分。
名词从句的定义与地位
复合句由一个主句(Independent/Main Clause)和一个或多个从属从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。
从属从句依其在主句中所起到的语法作用,可以分为:
- 名词从句:扮演名词角色(充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语等)。
- 关系从句 (形容词从句):扮演形容词角色(修饰先行词)。
- 副词从句:扮演副词角色(修饰动词、形容词或全句)。
先用两个非名词从句作参照,比较容易看出“名词从句”的位置。
Chicago is a grain-shipping center.
芝加哥是谷物转运中心。
Chicago1
isbe
a grain-shipping center.3C
这个句子是单句,grain-shipping 是复合形容词,放在名词短语中修饰 center。
Chicago is a center [that ships grain].
芝加哥是一个转运谷物的中心。
Chicago1
isbe
a center3C / 先行词
[that ships grain]关系从句
这里变成复合句,主句是 Chicago is a center,后面 that ships grain 是关系从句,用来修饰名词 center。它扮演的角色和前一句里的复合形容词 grain-shipping 相同,都是修饰名词。
再看副词从句:
He worked overtime for the money.
他为了这笔钱加班。
He1
worked2
overtime(4)
for the money(4)
for the money 是介词短语,作副词使用,修饰动词 worked 的原因。
He worked overtime [because he needed the money].
他加班,因为他需要这笔钱。
He1
worked2
overtime(4)
[because he needed the money](4) / 副词从句
这里 because he needed the money 是副词从句,扮演的角色和 for the money 相同,都是说明加班的原因。理解这两组以后,再看名词从句就清楚了:名词从句不是修饰名词,也不是修饰动词,而是直接占据主语、宾语、表语等“名词位置”。
请对比单句与含有名词从句的复合句:
- I saw the mirror.
我看到那面镜子。(单句,宾语是名词短语 the mirror)
I1
saw2
the mirror.3O
- I saw that the mirror was broken.
我看到那面镜子是破的。
I1
saw2
that the mirror was broken.3O
在句 2 中,及物动词 saw 后面的宾语不再是一个简单的名词,而是一个由 that 引导的限定子句。这个子句在主句中充当宾语,因此属于名词从句。
名词从句的分类与改写步骤
名词从句根据其来源,可以分为以下三类:
一、来自陈述句 (Declarative Sentences)
如果把一个普通的陈述句改写为名词从句,只需在句子最前面外加一个本身没有词义的从属连词 that 即可。that 在这里相当于一个“包装盒”,提示读者“后面这一整句话是一件事”:
- 陈述句:He didn't take the money. (他没有拿钱。)
- 名词从句:➔ that he didn't take the money
- 放入主句中:
I believe that he didn't take the money. (我相信他没有拿钱。)
I1
believe2
[that he didn't take the money]3O / 名词从句
二、来自特殊疑问句 (Information Questions)
特殊疑问句包含疑问词(如 who, what, which, where, when, why, how 等)。
改写为名词从句的步骤:
- ❶ 将疑问词直接充当连词使用(不需外加连词)。
- ❷ 去掉问号,并将疑问语序还原为陈述语序(主语 + 动词)。
情况 A:疑问词不是原句的主语
- 疑问句:Where did he keep the money? (他把钱放在哪里? —— where 是疑问副词,he 是主语)
- 还原语序:➔ where he kept the money (did he keep 还原为陈述式 kept)
- 放入主句中:
He never told where he kept the money. (他从未说过他把钱放在哪里。)
He1
never told2
[where he kept the money]3O / 名词从句
where(4) / 疑问副词
he1
kept2
the money3O
这个例子中,where 只是疑问副词,不是主语。原疑问句里的主语是 he,动词是 keep。英语疑问句为了发问,把助动词 did 放到主语前面;一旦改成名词从句,它不再是独立问句,就必须恢复陈述句语序:where he kept the money。这个从句整体进入主句的宾语位置,相当于原本的 the question。
情况 B:疑问词本身就是原句的主语
如果疑问词在疑问句中就是主语,语序原本就是“主语 + 动词”,因此只需去掉问号即可,不需调整语序:
- 疑问句:What happened at his party? (他的派对出了什么事? —— what 是主语)
- 名词从句:➔ what happened at his party
- 放入主句中:
I never asked him what happened at his party. (我从未问过他在派对上出了什么事。)
I1
never asked2
him3O
[what happened at his party]3O / 名词从句
what1 / 疑问词
happened2
at his party(4)
这个例子和 where 的例子不同。what 本身就是疑问句的主语,后面的 happened 已经跟在主语后面,所以拿掉问号以后,语序本来就是名词从句需要的陈述语序。初学者最容易犯的错,是看到疑问词就机械地去调整语序;其实要先判断疑问词在原句中是不是主语。
三、来自一般疑问句 (Yes/No Questions)
如果疑问句中并没有疑问词,就称为一般疑问句(Yes/No Questions)。它要改写成名词从句的话,必须加上从属连词 whether 或 if。
- 疑问句:Is it going to rain soon? (是不是很快就要下雨了?)
要改写成名词从句,第一步还是要把问号拿掉,使它从独立的疑问句变成从属从句。拿掉问号的同时,要把疑问句的动词顺序还原为陈述句的顺序。但是因为缺乏疑问词,光是拿掉问号的话会变成肯定叙述 it is going to rain soon(很快就要下雨了)。
而且,没有疑问词,也就缺少了可以当作连词的东西。为了维持“疑问”,也为了要有连词,可以使用并列连词的关联词组 either... or,先改写为并列句如下:
Either it is going to rain soon or it is not.(可能快要下雨了,或者可能没有。)
接着再把开头的 either 转化为从属连词 whether(是否),就会成为 whether it is going to rain soon (or not) 这个名词从句。
- 放入主句中: 将这个名词从句放进主句的宾语位置:
By looking at the sky, I can tell whether it is going to rain soon (or not). (只要看看天色,我就知道是否快下雨了。)
By looking at the sky(4)
I1
can tell2
[whether it is going to rain soon]3O / 名词从句
💡 写作规范:表示“是否”时,尽量用 whether 而不用 if
虽然口语中 if 可以代替 whether 表达“是否”,但在规范写作中应尽量使用 whether,原因有三:
- 避免歧义:
whether仅表示“是否”,但if既可表示“是否”也可表示“如果”。例如:- I don't know if he will win. (可解释为:我不知道他是否会赢,或:如果他会赢我不知道。)
- 句首位置只能用 whether:当名词从句作主语置于句首时,必须用
whether,绝对不能用if。Whether we can win the big prize will be decided soon. (正确)
- *
If we can win the big prize will be decided soon.(错误!读者会误读为“如果”引导的状语从句,导致句型破裂)
- 介词后面只能用 whether:
The teacher talked about whether he would sign the paper. (正确)
- *
The teacher talked about if he would sign the paper.(错误!介词后不可接单纯的从属连词 if)
名词从句在主句中的位置与省略规则
名词从句可以放在主句的五个名词性位置。如果是由 that 引导的陈述型名词从句,因为 that 没有实质词义,在不影响句意理解的前提下可以省略。但如果省略后会产生**“一个主语、两个动词”**的句型混乱,则必须保留 that。由疑问词引导的从句不能省略连词。
一、主语位置
1. that 引导的从句:
- 直放句首(that 不能省略):
That the boy was in his bedroom is a clear fact.
(如果把 That 省略,读者读到 The boy was in his bedroom is... 时,会误把 is 之前的句子当独立单句,读到 is 时会产生语感混乱)
[That the boy was in his bedroom]1 / 名词从句
isbe
a clear fact.3C
- 使用形式主语 it 占位(that 可以省略): 为了避免句子头重脚轻,通常将长主语从句移到句尾,句首使用形式主语
it:It is a clear fact (that) the boy was in his bedroom.
(主干
It is...先行交代完毕,that 从句移至句尾,即使省略 that 读者也不会产生误读)
It1 / 虚词
isbe
a clear fact3C
(that) the boy was in his bedroom名词从句
2. wh- 引导的从句:
- 直放句首:➔ Where he is hiding now is a big problem. (他现在藏在哪是个大问题。)
- 使用形式主语 it:➔ It is a big problem where he is hiding now.
[Where he is hiding now]1 / 名词从句
isbe
a big problem.3C
二、及物动词的宾语位置
1. that 引导的从句(that 可以省略):
Many people believe (that) one's birth month makes one's habits.
许多人相信一个人的出生月份决定了其习惯。
Many people1
believe2
[(that) one's birth month makes one's habits]3O / 名词从句
- 读到
believe这一及物动词时,读者能自然预判后面是一整个宾语事件,所以that可以省略。
形式宾语 it 的使用: 如果在 <S + V + O + C> 句型中,宾语是一个名词从句,后面紧跟宾语补足语,为了保持结构清晰,必须在宾语位置放形式宾语 it,而把真正的宾语从句放到句尾(此时 that 可以省略):
I find it amazing (that) you still look so young.
我觉得你看起来还这么年轻实在很令人惊奇。
I1
find2
it3O
amazing3C
(that) you still look...(4)
这里的 it 是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的名词从句 (that) you still look so young。这样可以避免 I find [that...] amazing 中宾语过长、宾语补足语被挤到太后面。
2. wh- 引导的从句:
He explained why he had bought so much of that food. (他解释了为什么他买这么多食物。)
He1
explained2
[why he had bought so much of that food]3O / 名词从句
三、表语位置
1. that 引导的从句(that 可以省略):
It seems (that) we're going to win this game after all.
看起来这场比赛我们终究还是会赢。
It1 / 虚词
seemsbe
[(that) we're going to win this game after all]3C / 名词从句
- 主句主语是虚指的
It,系动词是seems,后面的整个that从句充当表语补语。
2. wh- 引导的从句:
The question is whether we can do anything about it. (问题是我们是否有办法补救。)
The question1
isbe
[whether we can do anything about it]3C / 名词从句
四、名词的同位语位置
同位语从句是紧跟在某些名词(如 fact, news, possibility, hope 等)后,对其具体内容进行全等说明的从句。
1. that 引导的从句(that 可以省略):
The mother cannot forget the fact (that) her boy made a big mistake.
这位母亲忘不了这一事实:她儿子犯了个大错。(that 从句具体说明 the fact 的内容)
The mother1
cannot forget2
the fact3O / 被说明名词
[(that) her boy made a big mistake]同位语从句
隐藏同位语的省略现象: 有些形容词表语后面的名词从句,表面上看没有同位关系,其实是省略了“介词 + 空洞名词”的结果:
- 常规句:
The boy is worried (that) he may fail in the test.(男孩担心他可能会考试不及格。) - 还原结构:
The boy is worried about the possibility that he may fail in the test.- 原句中
about the possibility因语义多余被直接省略。为了避免留下about that的介词错误,整个介词短语被一并省略,只留下 that 从句作 worried 的补语。
- 原句中
The boy1
isbe
worried3C
[(that) he may fail in the test]省略后的补充名词从句
2. wh- 引导的从句:
The question why the wild animals died out may never be answered. (野生动物为何灭绝这一问题可能永远没有答案。)
- 还原结构:
I am not sure what caused the delay.(还原为 not sure of the question what caused the delay,同位关系在省略介词短语后变得隐蔽)
The question1 / 被说明名词
[why the wild animals died out]同位语从句
may never be answered.2
五、介词的宾语位置
介词后绝对不能直接跟 that 引导的名词从句(*depends on that... 是语法错误)。
但介词后可以直接跟 wh- 引导的名词从句:
My response depends on what he really meant by that.
我的回应取决于他那样讲的实际意思。
My response1
depends2
on [what he really meant by that]介词短语 / 名词从句作宾语
如果想在介词后表达陈述事实,必须在介词后加上名词 the fact 等,再将 that 从句作为同位语跟在后面:
His talk dwells on the fact (that) I made a mistake. (他的谈话一直强调我犯了错这一事实。)
His talk1
dwells2
on the fact介词短语
[(that) I made a mistake]同位语从句
评论从句 (Comment Clauses)
英语中有一些固定口头用语(如 you know, I guess, I suppose, who knows 等),在结构上是独立的限定子句,但在句中主要起到语气点缀的作用,称为评论从句:
He was really afraid, I believe. (我看他是真的怕了。)
This trick, you know, will never work. (你懂的,这一招根本没用。)
He1
wasbe
really afraid3C
I believe评论从句
This trick1
you know评论从句
will never work.2
评论从句在分析句型骨架时,可以直接略过。它们原本是主句(如 I believe that he was afraid),但主客易位,原来的名词从句变成了句子的主干,而主句则退化为了可有可无的评论性插入语。
直接引语与间接引语的倒装修饰
直接引语(带引号)与间接引语(去掉引号转化为名词从句)都可以通过倒装来增强句子的修饰效果:
- 正常语序:
The guard said, "The road is closed." - 倒装语序:
"The road is closed," said the guard.
"The road is closed," the guard said.
The guard1
said2
"The road is closed."3O / 直接引语
"The road is closed,"3O / 直接引语
said2 / 倒装
the guard.1
💡 倒装在长主语时的优美修辞效果
当主句的主语后面带着很长的修饰语或同位语时,如果直接用正常语序,会把谓语动词和所说内容隔得很远。此时使用倒装可以将所说内容先呈现给读者:
*Mr. Jack, the oldest worker in our school and an expert on machines, says that machine prices will keep rising. 【修饰欠佳】
Machine prices will keep rising, says Mr. Jack, the oldest worker in our school and an expert on machines. 【优美】
(把说的话放在句首,动词 says 紧随其后倒装,长主语及其同位语修饰移至最右侧,避免了主谓隔离,结构十分优美)
Mr. Jack, ...1 / 过长主语
says2
[that machine prices will keep rising]3O / 名词从句
Machine prices will keep rising3O / 先说内容
says2 / 倒装
Mr. Jack, ...1